Khalil Gibran
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| Khalil Gibran Khalil Gibran | |
|---|---|
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| Born Dilahirkan | Gibrān Khalīl Gibrān bin Mikhā'īl bin Sa'ad Gibrān Khalil Gibrān bin Sa'ad bin Mikhā'īl January 6, 1883 6 Januari 1883 Bsharri , Ottoman Syria Bsharri, Usmani Syria |
| Died Meninggal | April 10, 1931 (aged 48) 10 April 1931 (umur 48) New York City , United States New York City, Amerika Serikat |
| Occupation Pekerjaan | Poet , Painter , Sculptor , Writer , Philosopher , Theologian , Visual Artist Poet, Painter, pengukir, Writer, Philosopher, teolog, Visual Artist |
| Nationality Kebangsaan | Lebanese - American Libanon - Amerika |
| Genres Genre | Poetry , Parable , Short Story Puisi, perumpamaan, Short Story |
| Literary movement Sastra gerakan | Mahjar , New York Pen League Mahjar, New York Pen UEFA |
| Notable work(s) Terkemuka bekerja (s) | The Prophet Nabi |
Khalil Gibran (born Gibrān Khalīl Gibrān bin Mikhā'īl bin Sa'ad ; Arabic جبران خليل جبران بن ميکائيل بن سعد ), (January 6, 1883 – April 10, 1931) was a Lebanese American artist , poet , and writer . Khalil Gibran (lahir Gibrān Khalil Gibrān bin Sa'ad bin Mikhā'īl; Arab جبران خليل جبران بن ميکائيل بن سعد), (6 Januari 1883 - 10 April 1931) adalah seorang Amerika Libanon seniman, penyair, dan penulis. Born in the town of Bsharri in modern-day Lebanon (then part of Ottoman Syria ), as a young man he emigrated with his family to the United States where he studied art and began his literary career. Lahir di kota Bsharri modern-hari di Lebanon (kemudian bagian dari Usmani Syria), karena dia seorang anak muda dengan keluarganya berhijrah ke Amerika Serikat di mana ia mulai belajar seni dan sastra itu karir. He is chiefly known for his 1923 book The Prophet , a series of philosophical essays written in English prose. Dia adalah dikenal terutama untuk 1923 buku Nabi, serangkaian esai filosofis yang ditulis dalam bahasa Inggris prosa. An early example of inspirational literature , the book sold well despite a cool critical reception, and became extremely popular in 1960s counterculture . [ 1 ] Awal dari sebuah contoh inspirational sastra, buku yang dijual dengan baik walaupun kritis cool penerimaan, dan menjadi sangat populer di tahun 1960-an Counterculture. [1]
[ edit ] Youth [Sunting] Pemuda
[ edit ] In Lebanon [Sunting] Dalam Lebanon
Gibran was born in the Christian Maronite town of Bsharri in modern day northern Lebanon . Gibran dilahirkan dalam Kristen Maronite kota Bsharri modern di utara Libanon. His maternal grandfather was a Maronite Catholic priest. [ 2 ] His mother Kamila was thirty when Gibran was born; his father, also named Khalil, was her third husband. [ 3 ] As a result of his family's poverty, Gibran did not receive any formal schooling during his youth. Beliau adalah seorang ibu kakek Maronite imam Katolik. [2] Ibunya Kamila adalah tiga puluh ketika Gibran lahir, ayahnya, juga bernama Khalil, dia adalah suami ketiga. [3] Sebagai akibat dari kemiskinan keluarganya, Gibran tidak menerima sekolah formal selama pemuda. However, priests visited him regularly and taught him about the Bible , as well as the Arabic and Syriac languages . Namun, dia secara teratur dikunjungi imam dan mengajar dia tentang Alkitab, serta bahasa Arab dan bahasa Syria.
Gibran's father initially worked in an apothecary but with gambling debt he was unable to pay he came to work for a local Ottoman-appointed administrator [ 4 ] or local warlord . [ 5 ] Because of extensive complaints by angry subjects the administrator was removed and his staff came under investigation circa 1891 [ 6 ] and the elder Gibran went to prison for alleged embezzlement, [ 1 ] and Ottoman authorities confiscated his family's property. Gibran ayah awalnya bekerja di sebuah ahli obat tetapi dengan perjudian hutang ia tidak dapat membayar ia datang untuk bekerja lokal Usmani ditunjuk administrator [4] atau lokal laksamana. [5] Karena banyak keluhan mata pelajaran marah oleh administrator telah dihapus dan staf datang dibawah penyelidikan sekitar 1891 [6] dan pembina Gibran pergi ke penjara atas tuduhan penggelapan, [1] dan Usmani otoritas sitaan keluarganya dari properti. Without a home, Gibran's mother decided to follow her brother and emigrate to the United States. Tanpa rumah, Ibu Gibran memutuskan untuk mengikuti dia dan saudara laki-laki beremigrasi ke Amerika Serikat. Though the authorities released Gibran's father in 1894, Kamila Gibran remained resolved and, along with Khalil, his younger sisters Mariana and Sultana, and his elder half-brother Peter(/Bhutros/Butrus) all left for New York on June 25 , 1895 . [ 4 ] Walaupun pihak berwenang Gibran dirilis pada tahun 1894 dari ayah, Kamila Gibran terselesaikan dan tetap bersama-sama dengan Khalil, his younger sisters Mariana dan Sultana, dan nenek setengah-saudara Petrus (/ Bhutros / Butrus) semua kiri untuk New York pada 25 Juni 1895. [4]
[ edit ] In the United States [Sunting] Di Amerika Serikat
The Gibrans settled in Boston 's South End , at the time the second largest Syrian/Lebanese-American community [ 7 ] in the United States. Gibrans yang menetap di Boston 's Akhir Selatan, pada saat yang kedua terbesar Syria / Lebanon-Amerika masyarakat [7] di Amerika Serikat. His mother began working as a seamstress [ 6 ] peddler, selling lace and linens that she carried from door to door. Ibunya mulai bekerja sebagai seamstress [6] kelontong, menjual renda dan linens bahwa dia dibawa dari pintu ke pintu. Gibran started school on September 30, 1895. Gibran mulai sekolah pada 30 September 1895. School officials placed him in a special class for immigrants to learn English . Sekolah pejabat dia ditempatkan di kelas khusus bagi imigran untuk belajar bahasa Inggris. Gibran also enrolled in an art school at a nearby settlement house . Gibran juga terdaftar di sebuah sekolah seni di dekat rumah pemukiman. Through his teachers there, he was introduced to the avant-garde Boston artist, photographer, and publisher Fred Holland Day , [ 1 ] who encouraged and supported Gibran in his creative endeavors. Melalui guru di sana, dia diperkenalkan ke avant-garde Boston seniman, fotografer, dan penerbit Fred Holland Day, [1] yang didorong dan didukung Gibran dalam upaya kreatif. A publisher used some of Gibran's drawings for book covers in 1898. Penerbit digunakan beberapa Gibran dari buku mencakup gambar untuk di 1898.
Gibran’s mother and elder brother Peter wanted him to absorb more of his own heritage rather than just the Western aesthetic culture he was attracted to. [ 6 ] So at the age of fifteen, Gibran went back to Lebanon to study at a Maronite -run preparatory school and higher-education institute in Beirut . Gibran dari ibu dan kakak Peter ingin dia untuk menyerap lebih dari warisan budaya sendiri daripada hanya Barat estetika budaya dia tertarik. [6] Maka pada usia lima belas, Gibran kembali ke Lebanon untuk belajar di sebuah Maronite -- menjalankan persiapan sekolah dan lembaga pendidikan tinggi di Beirut. He started a student literary magazine with a classmate, and was elected "college poet". Dia memulai sebuah majalah sastra mahasiswa dengan teman sekelas, dan terpilih "penyair kampus". He stayed there for several years before returning to Boston in 1902 coming through Ellis Island on May 10th. [ 8 ] Two weeks before he got back, his sister Sultana died of tuberculosis at the age of 14. Dia tinggal di sana selama beberapa tahun sebelum kembali ke Boston pada 1902 datang melalui Ellis Island pada 10 Mei. [8] Dua bulan sebelum ia kembali, ia meninggal saudara Sultana tuberkulosis pada usia 14. The next year, his brother Bhutros died of the same disease, and his mother died of cancer . Tahun berikutnya, saudaranya Bhutros meninggal dari penyakit yang sama, dan ibunya meninggal kanker. His sister Marianna supported Gibran and herself by working at a dressmaker's shop. [ 1 ] His sister Marianna Gibran didukung oleh dirinya dan bekerja di sebuah modiste dari toko. [1]
[ edit ] Art and poetry [Sunting] Seni dan puisi
Gibran held his first art exhibition of his drawings in 1904 in Boston , at Day's studio. [ 1 ] During this exhibition, Gibran met Mary Elizabeth Haskell, a respected headmistress ten years his senior. Gibran yang pertama diselenggarakan pameran seni dari gambar itu di 1904 di Boston, at Day's studio. [1] Selama pameran ini, Gibran met Mary Elizabeth Haskell, yang dihormati headmistress sepuluh tahun beliau senior. The two formed an important friendship that lasted the rest of Gibran's life. Kedua dibentuk penting persahabatan yang berlangsung sisa dari kehidupan Gibran. Though publicly discreet, their correspondence reveals an exalted intimacy. Walaupun publik bijaksana, mereka menyatakan korespondensi keintiman yang mulia. Haskell influenced not only Gibran's personal life, but also his career. Haskell dipengaruhi Gibran tidak hanya dari kehidupan pribadi, tetapi juga karirnya. In 1908, Gibran went to study art with Auguste Rodin in Paris for two years. Dalam tahun 1908, Gibran pergi belajar seni dengan Auguste Rodin di Paris selama dua tahun. This is where he met his art study partner and lifelong friend Youssef Howayek . Di sinilah ia berjumpa dengan-Nya seni dan mitra belajar sepanjang hayat teman youssef Howayek. He later studied art in Boston . Ia kemudian belajar seni di Boston.
Juliet Thompson, one of Gibran's acquaintances, reported several anecdotes of Gibran. [ 9 ] She recalls Gibran met `Abdu'l-Bahá , the leader of the Bahá'í Faith at the time on his visit to the United States circa 1911 [ 4 ] -1912. [ 9 ] Barbara Young, in This Man from Lebanon: A Study of Kahlil Gibran , records Gibran was unable to sleep the night before meeting `Abdu'l-Bahá who sat for a pair of portraits. Juliet Thompson, salah satu dari Gibran kenalan, dilaporkan beberapa anecdotes dari Gibran. [9] Dia recalls Gibran bertemu `Abdu'l-Baha, pemimpin yang Baha'i Faith pada pada saat kunjungannya ke Amerika Serikat sekitar 1911 [4 ] -1912. [9] Barbara Young, di ini Man dari Libanon: Sebuah Kajian Kahlil Gibran, catatan Gibran tidak bisa tidur malam sebelum rapat `Abdu'l-Baha yang Sabtu untuk sepasang potret. Thompson reports Gibran saying that all the way through writing of Jesus, The Son of Man, he thought of `Abdu'l-Bahá. Thompson laporan Gibran yang mengatakan bahwa semua cara menulis melalui Yesus, Anak Manusia, ia pemikiran `Abdu'l-Baha. Years later, after the death of `Abdu'l-Bahá, there was a viewing of the movie recording of `Abdu'l-Bahá - Gibran rose to talk and in tears, proclaimed an exalted station of `Abdu'l-Bahá and left the event in tears. Tahun kemudian, setelah kematian `Abdu'l-Baha, ada satu tampilan video rekaman dari` Abdu'l-Baha - Gibran bicara dan naik ke dalam air mata, menyatakan sebuah stasiun yang mulia `Abdu'l-Baha dan kiri acara menangis.
While most of Gibran's early writings were in Arabic, most of his work published after 1918 was in English. Walaupun kebanyakan dari awal tulisan-tulisan Gibran yang dalam bahasa Arab, sebagian besar dari karyanya yang diterbitkan setelah 1918 adalah dalam bahasa Inggris. His first book for the publishing company Alfred Knopf , in 1918, was The Madman , a slim volume of aphorisms and parables written in biblical cadence somewhere between poetry and prose. Buku yang pertama bagi perusahaan penerbitan Alfred Knopf, pada 1918, yang adalah orang gila, yang tipis dan volume aphorisms perumpamaan yang ditulis dalam alkitab cadence somewhere antara puisi dan prosa. Gibran also took part in the New York Pen League , also known as the "immigrant poets" (al-mahjar), alongside important Lebanese-American authors such as Ameen Rihani , Elia Abu Madi and Mikhail Naimy , a close friend and distinguished master of Arabic literature, whose descendants Gibran declared to be his own children, and whose nephew, Samir, is a godson of Gibran. Gibran juga ikut ambil bagian di New York Pen UEFA, juga dikenal sebagai "imigran Poets" (Al-mahjar), di samping penting Libanon-Amerika penulis seperti Ameen Rihani, Elia Abu Madi dan Mikhail Naimy, teman dekat dan terhormat master of sastra Arab, keturunan Gibran yang dinyatakan sebagai anak sendiri, dan yang keponakan, Samir, adalah laki-laki dari Gibran.
Much of Gibran's writings deal with Christianity, especially on the topic of spiritual love. Banyak dari tulisan-tulisan Gibran menangani Kekristenan, terutama pada topik rohani kasih. His poetry is notable for its use of formal language, as well as insights on topics of life using spiritual terms. Puisi-Nya adalah penting untuk menggunakan bahasa yang formal, serta wawasan tentang topik kehidupan rohani menggunakan istilah. Gibran's best-known work is The Prophet , a book composed of twenty-six poetic essays. Gibran terbaik diketahui bekerja adalah Nabi, sebuah buku yang terdiri dari dua puluh enam esai puitis. The book became especially popular during the 1960s with the American counterculture and New Age movements. Buku menjadi populer terutama pada 1960-an dengan Amerika Counterculture dan New Age gerakan. Since it was first published in 1923, The Prophet has never been out of print. Sejak pertama kali diterbitkan pada tahun 1923, Nabi tidak pernah keluar dari cetak. Having been translated into more than twenty languages, it was one of the bestselling books of the twentieth century in the United States. Yang telah diterjemahkan ke lebih dari dua puluh bahasa, ia adalah salah satu buku bestselling abad kedua puluh di Amerika Serikat.
One of his most notable lines of poetry in the English-speaking world is from "Sand and Foam" (1926), which reads : "Half of what I say is meaningless, but I say it so that the other half may reach you". Salah seorang paling terkemuka baris puisi di dunia berbahasa Inggris adalah dari "Pasir dan Foam" (1926), yang berbunyi: "Setengah dari apa yang saya katakan adalah sia-sia, tapi saya katakan agar yang lain mencapai setengah Mei Anda" . This was plagiarised by John Lennon and placed, though in a slightly altered form, into the song Julia from The Beatles ' 1968 album The Beatles (aka The White Album ). Ini adalah plagiarised oleh John Lennon dan ditempatkan, meskipun dalam bentuk yang sedikit diubah, ke dalam lagu Julia dari The Beatles' 1968 album The Beatles (aka The White Album).
[ edit ] Political thought [Sunting] Politik pemikiran
Gibran was a prominent Syrian nationalist . Gibran adalah seorang tokoh nasionalis Syria. In a political statement he drafted in 1911, [ 10 ] he expresses his loyalty to Greater Syria and to the safeguarding of Syria's national territorial integrity. Dalam sebuah pernyataan politik yang dirancang di 1911, [10] ia menyatakan kesetiaan-Nya ke Greater Syria dan dengan pengamanan dari Syria nasional integritas teritorial. He also called for the adoption of Arabic as a national language of Syria and the application of Arabic at all school levels. Dia juga dipanggil untuk adopsi dari Arab sebagai bahasa nasional Syria dan aplikasi dari Arab di semua tingkatan sekolah. When Gibran met `Abdu'l-Bahá in 1911-12, who traveled to the United States partly to promote peace, Gibran admired the teachings on peace but argued that Syrian lands should be freed from Ottoman control. [ 4 ] Ketika Gibran bertemu `Abdu'l-Baha di 1911-12, yang bepergian ke Amerika Serikat sebagian untuk mempromosikan perdamaian, Gibran ajaran penghargaan pada perdamaian tetapi bahwa Syria tanah harus dibebaskan dari kontrol Usmani. [4]
When the Ottomans were finally driven out of Syria during World War I , Gibran's exhilaration was manifested in a sketch called "Free Syria" which appeared on the front page of al-Sa'ih's special "victory" edition. Bila Ottomans yang akhirnya didorong dari Syria selama Perang Dunia I, Gibran's riangnya adalah manifested dalam sketsa disebut "Free Syria" yang muncul di halaman depan al-Sa'ih khusus dari "kemenangan" edisi. Moreover, in a draft of a play, still kept among his papers, Gibran expressed great hope for national independence and progress. Selain itu, dalam rancangan yang memutar, masih disimpan di antara karya-Nya, Gibran menyatakan harapan besar untuk kemerdekaan nasional dan kemajuan. This play, according to Kahlil Hawi, [ 11 ] "defines Gibran's belief in Syrian nationalism with great clarity, distinguishing it from both Lebanese and Arab nationalism , and showing us that nationalism lived in his mind, even at this late stage, side by side with internationalism." [ 12 ] Bermain ini, menurut Kahlil Hawi, [11] "mendefinisikan Gibran dari kepercayaan Syria nasionalisme dengan kejelasan, membedakan dari kedua Libanon dan nasionalisme Arab, dan menunjukkan bahwa nasionalisme kita hidup dalam pikiran, bahkan di akhir tahap ini, berdampingan dengan internasionalisme. "[12]
[ edit ] Death and legacy [Sunting] Kematian dan warisan
Gibran died in New York City on April 10, 1931: the cause was determined to be cirrhosis of the liver and tuberculosis . Gibran meninggal di New York City pada 10 April 1931: penyebab ditetapkan menjadi sirosis dari hati dan TBC. Before his death, Gibran expressed the wish that he be buried in Lebanon. Sebelum kematiannya, Gibran ingin menyatakan bahwa dia akan dikubur di Libanon. This wish was fulfilled in 1932, when Mary Haskell and his sister Mariana purchased the Mar Sarkis Monastery in Lebanon which has since become the Gibran Museum .these words are written next to Gibran's grave "a word I want to see written on my grave: I am alive like you and I am now at your side. Closed your eyes, look around you, and going to see me .... " Ingin ini terpenuhi pada tahun 1932, ketika Mary Haskell and his sister Mariana membeli Mar Sarkis Monastery di Libanon yang telah menjadi Gibran Museum. Kata-kata yang tertulis di samping makam Gibran's "kata saya ingin melihat tertulis di kuburan: I am hidup seperti Anda dan saya sekarang di samping. tutup mata Anda, terlihat di sekitar anda, dan akan saya lihat .... "
Gibran willed the contents of his studio to Mary Haskell. Gibran menghendaki isi nya Para Mary Haskell. There she discovered her letters to him spanning twenty-three years. Sana ia menemukan surat itu kepadanya mencakup dua puluh tiga tahun. She initially agreed to burn them because of their intimacy, but recognizing their historical value she saved them. Awalnya dia setuju untuk membakar mereka karena mereka keintiman, tetapi mereka mengakui nilai historis ia menyelamatkan mereka. She gave them, along with his letters to her which she had also saved, to the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Library before she died in 1964. Dia memberi mereka, bersama dengan surat ke dia yang dia juga disimpan, untuk University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Perpustakaan sebelum dia meninggal pada tahun 1964. Excerpts of the over six hundred letters were published in "Beloved Prophet" in 1972. Kutipan yang lebih dari enam ratus surat telah diterbitkan dalam "Beloved Prophet" pada tahun 1972.
Mary Haskell Minis (she wed Jacob Florance Minis in 1923) donated her personal collection of nearly one hundred original works of art by Gibran to the Telfair Museum of Art in Savannah, Georgia in 1950. Mary Haskell Minis (she Rabu Jacob Florance Minis pada tahun 1923) disumbangkan dia koleksi pribadi hampir seratus karya seni asli oleh Gibran ke Telfair Museum of Art di Savannah, Georgia tahun 1950. Haskell had been thinking of placing her collection at the Telfair as early as 1914. Haskell telah berpikir untuk menempatkan dia di koleksi Telfair seawal 1914. In a letter to Gibran, she explained, "...I am thinking of other museums...the unique little Telfair Gallery in Savannah, Ga., that Gari Melchers chooses pictures for. There when I was a visiting child, form burst upon my astonished little soul." Dalam surat kepada Gibran, ia menjelaskan, "... saya berpikir lain museum ... yang sedikit unik dalam Galeri Telfair Savannah, Ga., bahwa Gari Melchers untuk memilih gambar. Ada saat saya mengunjungi seorang anak, bentuk burst setelah saya sedikit takjub jiwa. " Haskell's gift to the Telfair is the largest public collection of Gibran’s visual art in the country, consisting of five oils and numerous works on paper rendered in the artist’s lyrical style, which reflects the influence of symbolism. Haskell dari hadiah kepada Telfair publik merupakan kumpulan Gibran visual seni di negeri ini, yang terdiri dari lima minyak dan banyak bekerja pada kertas yang diberikan pada artis dari gaya liris, yang mencerminkan pengaruh simbolisme. The future American royalties to his books were willed to his hometown of Bsharri , to be "used for good causes", however, this led to years of controversy and violence over the distribution of the money; [ 1 ] eventually, the Lebanese government became the overseer. Masa depan Amerika royalti kepada buku-buku yang menghendaki kepada halaman dari Bsharri, untuk menjadi "baik digunakan untuk menyebabkan" Namun, ini menyebabkan tahun kontroversi dan kekerasan terhadap distribusi uang; [1] akhirnya, pemerintah Libanon yang menjadi sebagai penguasa.
[ edit ] Works [Sunting] Karya
In Arabic: Dalam Bahasa Arab:
- Nubthah fi Fan Al-Musiqa (1905) Nubthah fi al-Musiqa Fan (1905)
- Ara'is al-Muruj ( Nymphs of the Valley , also translated as Spirit Brides , 1906) Ara'is al-Muruj (Nymphs dari Valley, juga diterjemahkan sebagai Roh Brides, 1906)
- al-Arwah al-Mutamarrida ( Spirits Rebellious , 1908) Al-Arwah al-Mutamarrida (Survei memberontak, 1908)
- al-Ajniha al-Mutakassira ( Broken Wings , 1912) Al-Ajniha al-Mutakassira (Broken Wings, 1912)
- Dam'a wa Ibtisama ( A Tear and A Smile , 1914) Dam'a wa Ibtisama (A Tear Smile dan A, 1914)
- al-Mawakib ( The Processions , 1919) Al-Mawakib (The Processions, 1919)
- al-‘Awāsif ( The Tempests , 1920) Al-'Awāsif (The Tempests, 1920)
- al-Bada'i' waal-Tara'if ( The New and the Marvellous ,1923) Al-Bada'i 'waal-Tara'if (Baru dan Marvellous, 1923)
In English, prior to his death: Dalam bahasa Inggris, sebelum kematiannya:
- The Madman (1918) ( downloadable free version ) Yang gila (1918) (versi download gratis)
- Twenty Drawings (1919) Gambar dua puluh (1919)
- The Forerunner (1920) The Forerunner (1920)
- The Prophet , (1923) Nabi, (1923)
- Sand and Foam (1926) Pasir dan Foam (1926)
- Kingdom Of The Imagination (1927) Kingdom Of The Imagination (1927)
- Jesus, The Son of Man (1928) Yesus, Anak Manusia (1928)
- The Earth Gods (1931) Bumi Allah (1931)
Posthumous, in English: Anumerta, dalam bahasa Inggris:
- The Wanderer (1932) The Wanderer (1932)
- The Garden of the Prophet (1933) Taman Nabi (1933)
- Lazarus and his Beloved (1933) Lazarus dan Beloved (1933)
- Prose and Poems (1934) Prosa dan Poems (1934)
- A Self-Portrait (1959) J Cukup Potret (1959)
- Thought and Meditations (1960) Pemikiran dan Meditations (1960)
- Spiritual sayings (1962) Rohani sayings (1962)
- Voice of the master (1963) Voice of master (1963)
- Mirrors of the Soul (1965) Mirror dari Soul (1965)
- Death Of The Prophet (1979) Tentu kematian Nabi (1979)
- The Vision (1994) Visi (1994)
- Eye of the Prophet (1995) Mata Nabi (1995)
Other: Lain-lain:
- Beloved Prophet, The love letters of Kahlil Gibran and Mary Haskell, and her private journal (1972, edited by Virginia Hilu) Beloved Nabi, surat Cinta Kahlil Gibran dan Mary Haskell, dan dia pribadi jurnal (1972, diedit oleh Virginia Hilu)
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